QRM
Recognised text
Text below was produced by optical character recognition and may contain errors. Check it against the original.
Bulletin issued by the Northern P.O. Box 1010
Branches of the Wireless Institute Launceston
of Australia, Tas. Division, Tas. 7250
December 1974
Vol.4 No 9
Registered at GPO Hobart
B
for transmission by post
as a periodical.Category B,
As before there will not be a January issue of QRM.
Note that the deadline for the February issue is 20th January,
please submit your articles and notes before then.
At this time I would like to take the opportunity to thank all
who have supplied material and assistance in the production of
QRM this year. On behalf of these people and myself, I wish
our readers a Merry Christmas and a Prosperous New Year.
John VK7JV
Editor
MEETINGS ; §t
Dec. 7 Christmas BarBeQue 1600 hrs at the residence of .
Ed VK7HE, 43 Faulkner Rd. Ravenswood.
Dec.10 North West Branch, Lakins Hall, Ulverstone. ;g
Dec. 14 Council meeting at the QTH of Steve VK70A,
137 Penquite Rd. Launceston.
Jan.10 Northern Branch, AEB rooms, High St.
There are no YRCS classes until 1975 =
Dec 31 NEW YEARS EVE FUNCTION AT THE RESIDENCE OF Brian VK7ZBY
at the Launceston airport, start at 2130.
Q.R.M. December 1974 , Page 2
Northern Branch notes by Req VK7KK,
Those who felt that the lecture arranged for our November
meeting wasn't of interest and therefore stayed away certainly
made the wrong desision. Rex Kerrison of Repco described the
steps persued in tracking down the reason for the unpredictability
of diamond tool life. It seems the tools used to drill bearing
housings would fail after cutting anywhere from 10 to 5000 pieces
and the major reason found for this was the variability in the
orientation of the diamond crystal in the tool.
It was easy to see why Rex won an award from the Institute
of Engineers for his lecturing ability. Apparently he had more
questions and comments from our meeting than at the engineers
meeting, an indication of our interest and knowledge of the topic.
A major project on the horizon continues to be a possible
clubroom venture, For those who haven't been to recent meetings,
the suggestion is that we lease from the council a building in
Canning str. currently used as a H.Q. for Civil Defense. Rental
would be nominal, say $5 per annum., The building contains
kitchen, toilet facilities and rooms suited to small meetings
and classes. It would probably be desirable to add a larger
room to the building. '
Obviously there are many "ifs and buts'". For instance we
would need to safeguard any financial investment in case of
council re-use of the property. We'd need to decide how we see
the role of a clubhouse in the Branche's activity. A decision
will be needed on how much money we need to keep for future
spending. Our manpower resources will have to be assessed to
ensure we can build, equip, maintain and service such a project.
Every member (and their wives) should be thinking about
this project as any decision must have the backing of the whole
branch and the advantages and repercussions of such a development
must be fully realised. Any decision is still a little way off
but please give it plenty of thought and make your ideas known.
Two social events you won't want to miss. Ed VK7HE's QTH
is the venue for the Christmas BarBeQue. Much effort has
3%
apparently been given to preparing barbeques and you'll just
need to bring yourself, Mum, the kids, some food and drink and
some good weather around on 7th December.
Apparently the XYL's got wind of a proposed equipment
sale on that day. They have joined in by organising a cake stall
so while we are spending on the remains of the Flinders Isl. DME
and any other goodies which might appear, they won't feel out of
it.
The other social event is on New Years Eve and the venue
is the area behind VK7ZBY's QTH opposite Launceston Airport.
again bring your own supplies and turn up around 9.30 p.m..
Third one ! Congratulations and best wishes to Wally and Shirley
on their recent engagement.
He keeps running into things. Usually its a car, this time it
was a squash court (yes,without his car) Brian VK7RR now sports
a broken foot.
Q.R.M. December 1974, Page 3
North West Branch notes by Max VK7MX.
What a busy month. Its hard to know where to start. Oh yes,
our meeting, and what a busy affair. We had a good attendance,
around 26. There was a lot of business to wade through, including
the hamfest.
It was resolved to investigate the possibility of commencing
an instructional class under the YRCS and possibly in the new
year. We welcomed two new licensees to our ranks, namely Brian
Lord VK7ZRL and Adrian Sherriff VK7ZAT, they are both operative.
At the conclusion of business we were treated to a talk by
Winston VK7EM on his ATV camera suitably illustrated with
diagrams and the camera in operation. Harold VK7MZ gave the
usual Morse practice.
And so came the hamfest at Turners Beach on 16 and 17
November. The attack on the Hall commenced on Friday P.M. and
went on into the night. Both sexes were very busy preparing
decorations, tables, chairs and a large array of aerials from
2 to B0 metres. It was on again early Saturday morning, preparing
displays and the 101 jobs that go with such a function. Things
were really shipshape before the crowd started to arrive,
About 80 adults and 20 children came along. It is difficult to
describe the layout and the vast array of equipment. Fred Bail
VK3YS put on a very good display of new commercial gear, and
we were fortunate to have on loan from Jim Davis, Latrobe, some
beautifully preserved vintage radios etc., some even working.
In between there was everything from a complete amateur station
to SSTV, ATV video replays, home brew gear etc. etc.. No wonder
Graham VK7ZAQ slept in the hall overnight as guard.
The dinner was a gastronomical dream, with no hope of
trying each of dozens of different dishes.
Then came the cabaret, highlighted by a fashion parade in
the main displaying naughty nighties (I think). One gentleman
was noticed fanning himself with a paper plate to keep cool (it
was the only thing I could find). Bob VK7ZJS managed to keep his
equilibrium while compering the show. Doubt if he will ever be
the same.
Sunday came and once again the crowd rolled up, this time
some new faces as well. The usual perennial get togethers went
on. Some transmitter hunts took place and the lunch was grilled
on the biggest steel hotplate I have seen., Great loads of
hamburgers, sausages etc. made a mouthwatering fare. Afterwards
more outside activity and the final ceremony indoors about 3 p.m.
when the Divisional President Reg VK7KK presented awards and
prizes to the lucky winners. These have been listed elsewhere,.
Strangely enough, I heard no adverse comment from anyone
(someone usually moans) but many compliments were passed.
One thing that impressed me was that all the little children
seemed to have a wonderfull time, were well behaved, and
interfered with nothing (bless them). They contributed to the
happy atmosphere.
During Saturday afternoon two tours were conducted into
the country, one to Leven Canyon by Terry VK7TT and the other
to the H.E.C. control centre at Nook and power stations.
Neither were well attended but were thoroughly enjoyed. Thanks
to Collin Ives who gave his Saturday afternoon to conduct the
H.E.C. tour.
cont. page 4
Q.R.M., December 1974, Page 4
L ADIESY» PAGE
On behalf of the Ladies committee and myself I would like
to thank all the hams, XYL's, YL's and harmonics who attended
our hamfest. I do hope those who attended enjoyed it as much
as we did.
It is wonderful to meet and make so many more friends.
Also that these friendships become stronger all the time
through radio contacts.
Thanks again to all those who attended and making it the
wonderful success it was.
XYL VK7ZIE
Lyn Ellings
% % % %k vk d eok ok ok W kook vk ok ko ok okokok keok ok
The Editor
IIQ.R‘M. "
Dear Sir,
The article by Peter Dodd, VK3CIF, in November
"A.R." is well worth reading and remembering. In my opinion,
the amateur radio fraternity should ban the word "Ham" and
come up with a suitable substitute as soon as possible. In
its theatrical use it denotes some sort of a clown and that
is what the general public think of us as a race.
I suggest that "Q.R.M." and/or "A.R." should run a
competition for a new name and hope that it produces
something better than our National Anthems.
73's Bob Jackson
L70018
% e d ok e K % ek ok ko kKok keokok
North West Branch notes continued from page 3.
Summing up the general opinion was that the Hamfest
was a great success and great credit goes to the organisers
who said that it could be done and got on with it.
Thats about it for 1974. The compliments of the season
to all from the boys and girls from the North West Branch.
Max VK7MX
Q.R.M. December 1974, Page 5
November on the DX bands, by Col VK7LZ,
To generalize, conditions started off relatively good with
stations from most areas coming through at reasonable strength,
however as the month progressed signals have gradually deteriorated
and by the middle of the month little of any importance was being
heard.
VPBHZ in the Falkland Islands made his annual appearance
on the first of the month together with his son VP8NX and during
the next few days stations in Asia, Europe, South America,
Antarctica and the Pacific area together with the odd African
could be heard on 14Mhz.
7Mhz. I have not been able to listen for prolonged periods
on this band however around 0600Z to 0800Z the following stations
have been copied, HR1AT, VK9RH, EA8CR, EA8DI, FW@IC also
Europeans, North Americans and dozens of JA's both on SSB and CW.
EABCR and EA8DI appear to be on regularly on SSB with signals at
times peaking to S8,
14Mhz, The following stations have been copied, all times
given in GMT,.
0500 to 0600 CX7BF, FY@BHI, OD5GC, SV1BR, VK@MX, OA4AHO, HP1KG.
0600 to 0800 CX7BF, HC2WP, FW@DX, ICBHBR, VR6TC, ZL30G/C, KX6LP,
LU3AAT
0800 to 1000 VPIFF, KC6VE, 4Ul1ITU, GW4NZ, C21NI, EA7LE, EA3UU,
KC4anAa, PZ1AK,
1000 to 1200 VP8HZ, VP8NX, LU7AJF, A4XFE, S21CW, FW@GA, HS4ACN,
VQ9M together with the more usual Asiatic stations
including, VU, XW, XV and various stations from
the USSR. (all the above were heard on SSB)
QSL information
FW@DX via WB6LTJ 3D2DD via VE3GUS
FW@IC via K6YFZ KC6VE via W7PHO
FW@GA via KeRIR S21CW via JAGCUV
FYPBHI via F200Q
C21NI P.O. Box 173 Republic of Nauru
IC8HBR P.O. Box 1 Icchia Island 80077 Italy
ZL30G/C (Chatham Isl.) QSL to ZL30G
9MBVLC P.0. Box 908 Kuching Sarawak
XW8GV P.O. Box 312 Vientiane, Laos
CR8AC P.O. Box 59 Dili, Portuguese Timor
OA4BV P.O. Box 538 Lima, Peru
KX6LP P.O. Box 1604, APO San Francisco 96555
P29GA P.O. Box 757 Lae, Papua New Guinea
ZLlaa/C P.O. Box 23-508 Papatoetoe, East Auckland N.Z.
DXpeditions. There is a possibility of PY1ZAE operating
from Trinidade Island for 36 hours on the 1llth and 12th of
December, frequency 14195Khz, the call sign is expected to be
PY@AZAE.
At the time these notes are being written conditions appear
to be improving again, so keep listening and good hunting.
Col VK7LZ
Q.R.M. December 1974, Page 6
VHF notes by Joe VK7ZGJ.
CQ DX 6 metres, CQ DX 6 metres, CQ DX CQ DX etc etc.
No doubt by this you will have heard the above many times.
To date we have had several good openings to VK2, 4 and 5.
It became rather frustrating on the 15th November when
VK4RO in Ayr was heard for a couple of hours rag-chewing with
VK2's, the signals were just above the noise but to weak to
work him. Finally at 2200 a couple of local stations worked
VK4GS George also living in Ayr.
6 metres has also been open to ZL,on November 20th ZL3
and 4 were worked by John VK7JV, Kevin VK7ZAH and myself (VK7ZGJ).
On Sunday 24th November 6 metres remained open from 1000 a.m.
till 1930, all states except VK6 and 8 being worked, to finish
the day the 3D3AA beacon in Fiji was heard at 22,15 by VK7JV
and VK7ZAH for almost 15 minutes R5 S3 T9,.
The Mt. Barrow repeater still serves as an early warning
of openings to VK3 on 2 metres, it is not uncommon to be driving
to work and have a contact with a VK3 while mobile this time
of the vyear.
Oscar 7 is in orbit and to date has been functioning
extremely well with signals slightly better than A06.
So at the present time there is plenty of activity even
for the Z call almost any night of the week.
73 Joe VK7ZGJ
K %k Kk okok kok keokokokok ok ok ok ok k%
FOUR FUNCTION CALCULATORS: by Bob VK5MM
reprinted from South Australian W.I.A. Journal.
Now that four function electronis calculators are becoming
common-place around the shack, here is an idea that can be used
to increase their versatility.
To find the square root of a number:
Let " N " be the number whose square root is required.
Let " X " be the first approximation of this.
Now use the formula
N
X3 = 0.5 (— +X)
Perform the following steps;
1) enter N
2) divide by X
3) add X
4) divide by 2
Using the X, found displayed, repeat once again. Thig will
generally be near enough, but greater accuracy can be obtained
by repeating three times.
Yk Kk % Kk Kk Kk Kk Kk ok ko kokokok ko
WANTED
MR6A's as sold by the Northern Branch, preferably
not converted, contact Kevin VK7ZAH or John VK7JV
Q.R.M. December 1974, Page 7
Flinders Island D.M.E. compdnents for SALE. For information
contact VK7ZBY, VK7PF or VK7ZRF. Mostly stored at the QTH of
VK7ZBY. The more attractive units will be brought to the BBQ
on December 7th. circuits supplied.
Description Price ea.
Transformers
g
i
2TN53499 |1 | 5730 VAC 200 mA $1.00
1TK54772 b2 480 VAC 120 mA $1.00
1TH55013 | 2 | 1lov 3 A, 6.3V 3 A, 6.3V 1A | $1.00
1TM53506 P 2 | 700V 500mA [ $2.00
1TK54776 | 2 | 52 VAC, 11V 10A | $1.00
’ ' l
Chokes i | i
2TM53494 o2 , Swinging choke 27 to 200H 250mA ' 50¢
2TH53495 ‘ 2 l 5H 500mA $1.00
2TJ53556 | 2 { 6H 125mA $1.00
1TM53503 P2 { 5H 500mA $1.00
1TJ54930 o2 ‘ Low resistance choke 50¢
|
i
Miscellanea , I
Reg. Power mtr; 1 | Ref lectometer, 300V 25mA reg. psu I $2.00
R.F. osc. i 2 Lecher line oscillator in box | $1.00
Pulse Modulator 2 ‘ 807's, 6AS7's, fill.xfm's 6.3V 7A $1.00
Control Panel i 2 | 2-1mA 100 ohm meters, fuses,
g switches etc. | $2.00
Receiver § o2 ‘ 206Mhz pulse, 30Mhz IF valve !
- ! | and transistor | $3.00
Pulse select. | 2 ] ©J6's switches and components : $2.00
Delay line o2 ! Delay lines, mica caps. and
! multi bank switches $1.00
Code motor 1 ’ Keyer $1.00
Test interrogt 2 Valves components and variable C's $2.00
Freq. control 2 Small AFC 224Mhz receiver $1.00
Monitor 2 6AU6, 6J6's and parts 50¢
Power supply 2 300V regulated, 500V 400mA xfmr $2.00
Coax relay 5 70 ohm N type 48V coil $2.00
Marker gen. 1 1, 10, 100.micro second pulses,
300V 90mA Power supply $2.00
4 diode panel 2 RAS310AF diodes, 1A 2000 PIV
including shunt C's $2.00
6 diode panel 18 as above $3.00
Meter panel TX| 2 1lmA 100 ohm meter $1.00
Meter panel RX 2 2-1mA meters and switches $2.00
Boxes of miscellaneous components etc
* Kk kok kok kk kK
* %Kk
Q.R.M. December 1974 , Page 8
NORTHERN BRANCH EQUIPMENT STORE.
The following items are in stock or on order and should
be to hand in the near future.
Contact Kevin Henricks at 8 Clarendon st. or phone 469772, the
number at work is 312579.
Resistors
1 and 4% watt 4¢ B/Lee coax plugs 20¢
per 100 $3.50 B/Lee sockets 35¢
Mixed bag of 1 Watt $1.00 B/Lee PCB sockets 30¢
. Neosid formers 7¢
Ceramics 5¢ to 15¢ F16 slugs 7¢
Electrolytics 22/25V 12¢ Single cans 9¢
47/25V 12¢ Double cans 10¢
100/25V 15¢ PCB D type xtal sockets 20¢
1-12pf trimmers 30¢ L.E.D. and mounting clip 2
. Bag of mixed tag strips$1.00
Semiconductors Blank QSL cards per 100$2.10
1IN914 diode 15¢ Various linear and digital
EM404 diode 25¢ integrated circuits are in
Em410 diode 45¢ stock.
9.1V zener diode 48¢
HP2800 hot carrier 90¢ OnorderONLY
BC108 40¢ I.G.L. 2 metre F.M. tranceivers
BC178 35¢ converters for 6,2 metres
2N3563 35¢ and 432Mhz.
2N3564 35¢
ON3055 $1.25 ARRL and RSGB books
2N3819 70¢ Magazine subscriptions and
TIS88 60¢ other publications
Order your B.W.D. C.R.0O. and test equipment through the
Northern Branch Equipment store, you'll save the freight.
% %k %k kK kKokok k kK ko ko keok
%* % % k Kk k %k
The Editor
"Q.R.M. "
Dear Sir,
The clubroom proposal of the last meeting, has
one basic fault, the lack of a large enough meeting room
for the requirements of the Branchs meetings and social
functions. This would mean the retention of the High St.
Adult Education Rooms until suitable additions are completed.
What is going to be the purpose of clubrooms?
A hamshack away from home where members could use equipment
supplied by the Branch? If so this will mean an increased
workload by a few dedicated members to run the rosters,
keys etc., or do we want the clubrooms for meetings and
social functions (film evenings, lectures, cabarets etc.),
if so the largest room is only a quarter of the size required.
It appears to me that a few have the desire to
spend the hard earned clubroom fund as fast as possible
regardless of consequences or future needs.
If this proposal is pursued I suggest that a vote
should be taken of all the members of the Branch and 75%
to be in favour of the final proposal.
Col VK7KW
Q.R.M. December 1974, Page 9
USINC A WALLMAP_TCFIND DIRECTIONS
Having no map suitable for finding bearings so that the H.F. beam may
be aimed in the right direction I decided to attempt to find a convenient
method of doing this. The commonest map available cheaply is the Mercator
projection type and having a large one of these I decided to plot the
great circle paths for different bearings from the home QTH on it. Since
this involves tedious calculations by ncormal means I resolved to use the
computer at work. In addition when the programme was written I could
simply re-run it with the origin for any place in the world.
The result is the set of figures based on Launceston (although it %s
generally accurate enough for all of Tasmania). The bearings are at 15
intervals and each pair of data is a point on the relevant great circle.
By plotting 211 of the points for one bearing, that particular great circle
may be drawn. Fach one is a sine curve, symmetrical about the equator.
Note negative latitudes refer to the Southern Hemisphere. The zero bearing
is a north south line through Launceston and the other focus of the lines.
A (very) rough map has been included to show how the finished product
should look. It is not intended to bc used ahd is not particularly
accurate although unless vour beam is extremely sharp it would serve for
this. If anyone wants a set of figures based on some other location they
may contact me directly.
VK 700
Bearing 15 deqrees. Bearing 30 degrees. Bear ines.
45degre g
Lat. Long. Lat. Long. Lat. Long.
-63.1 g E -28.5 g E -3 g E
-73.8 20 E -53.1 20 E -30.7 20 E
-77.5 40 E -63 40 E -46.8 40 E
-78.7 60 E -67 60 E -54.6 60 E
-78.5 80 E -67.9 80 E -57.6 80 E
-76.7 100 E -66.3 100 E -57.3 100 E
-71.8 120 E -61.1 120 E -53.5 120 E
-55.9 140 E -48.5 140 E -44.5 140 E
14.7 160 E -17.3 160 E -26.4 160 E
63.1 180 E 28.5 180 E 3 180 E
73.8 160 W 53.1 160 W 30.7 160 W
77.5 140 W 63 140 W 46.8 140 W
78.7 120 W 67 120 W 54.6 120 W
78.5 100 W 67.9 100 W 57.6 100 W
76.7 80 W 66.3 B0 W 57.3 80 W
71.8 60 W 61.1 60 W 53.5 60 W
55.9 40 W 48.5 40 W 44.5 40 W
-14.7 20 W 17.3 20 W 26.4 20 W
-63.1 g W -28.5 g W -3 g W
Q.R.M, December 1974, Page 10
Bearing 60 degrees Bearing 75 degrees Bearing 90 degrees
Lat. Long. Lat. Long. Lat. Long.
11.3 7] E 20.7 a E 36.4 g E
-11.6 20 E 3.4 20 E 27.8 20 E
-30.3 40 E -15 40 E 14.4 40 E
-41.8 60 E -29.4 60 E -2.6 60 E
-47.6 80 E -38.3 80 E -18.9 80 E
-49.4 100 E -42.,6 100 E -30.9 100 E
-47.6 120 E -43.3 120 E -38 120 E
-41.7 140 E -40.3 140 E -41 140 E
-30.2 160 E -33.1 160 E -40.5 160 E
-11.3 180 E -20.7 180 E -36.4 180 E
11.6 160 W -3.4 160 W -27.8 160 W
30.3 140 W 15 140 W -14.4 140 W
41.8 120 W 29,4 120 W 2.6 120 W
47.6 100 W 38.3 100 W 18.9 100 W
49.4 80 W 42 .6 80 W 30.9 80 W
47.6 60 W 43.3 60 W 38 60 W
41,7 40 W 40.3 40 W 41 40 W
30.2 20 W 33.1 20 W 40.5 20 W
11.3 & W 20.7 a7 W 36.4 Z W
Bearing 105 degrees Bearing 120 degrees Bearing 135 degrees
Lat. Long. Lat, Long. Lat,. Long.
43,4 & E 48,5 a E 55.1 7 E
41.8 20 E 49,2 20 E 57.8 20 E
36.2 40 E 46.4 40 E 57.1 40 E
25,7 60 E 39.1 60 E 52.9 60 E
9.9 80 E 25.6 80 E 43,1 80 E
-8.8 100 E 4.9 100 E 23,7 100 E
-24.9 120 E -17.6 120 E -6.3 120 E
-35.7 140 E -34.3 140 E -32.9 140 E
-41.6 160 E -43.,9 160 E -47.,9 160 E
-43.4 180 E -48.5 180 E -55.1 180 E
-41.8 160 W -49,2 160 W -57.8 160 W
-36.2 140 W -46.4 140 W 57,1 140 W
-25.9 120 W -39.1 120 W -52.9 120 W
-9.9 100 W -25.6 100 W -43.1 100 W
8.8 80 W -4.9 80 W -23.7 80 W
24.9 60 W 17.6 60 W 6.3 60 W
35.7 40 W 34.3 40 W 32.9 40 W
41.6 20 W 43.9 20 W 47.9 20 W
43.4 g W 48.5 g W 55.1 g W
Bearing 150 degrees Bearing 150 degrees Bearing 165 deqgrees
Lat. Long. Lat, Long. Lat. Long.
63.1 g E -48,1 _ 80 W 71.8 100 E
67 20 E— -16.4 60 W - - 56 120 E
67.9 40 E 29.3 40 W -14.2 140 E
66.2 60 E 53,5 20 W -63 " 160 E
60.9 80 E 63.1 g W -73.8 180 E
48.1 100 E e -77.4 160 W
16.4 120 E Bearing165 degrees _78.7 140 W
—29.3 140 E Lat. Long. —78.5 120 W
-53.4 160 E - ~76.7 100 W
-63.1 180 E 73.8 g E -71.8 80 W
-67 160 W 77.4 20 E _56 60 W
-67.9 140 W 78.7 40 E 14.2 40 W
-66,2 120 W 78.5 60 E 63 20 W
-60.9 100 W 76.7 80 E 73.8 7 W
@
TN
D N
b, <Y
DS \‘\ -Lq&Rld\ L1BYR
"I\
\
R WEST \
)
\ AFRICA s L >)S ‘
\ A ‘VU&”WA \ L \ \1
- i s , i
-
\ ) \255 :
. ;- ,'/ 4
.M26ALAND - ' \ -~
2/0°
J.&T. GUNM PTY. LTD.
50 Brisbane Street,Launcegton.
Telephone 2 2251
_DOMESTIC & BUILDERS HARDWARE
MARINE & PLUMBING SUPPLIES
PAINT & TOOLS
St
A S et e be At
os At
> i . 5At
R . Y I
SEDDON PRESS
35A GRANVILLE STREET, LAUNCESTON. 7250
Telephone 31 6191
for all your printing
Business and Personal
Q0L cardg #ees
FLECTRICAL ENGINEERS
SPECIALISING IN MOTOR REWINDING AND ASSOCIATED WORK
27 SUNCREST PLACE, RAVENSWOOD
TELEPHOKE 391515
Athol Lawes Electrics
" 435 HOBART BOAD,
KINGS MEATOWS, TLAUNCESTON
, Telsprone £43119
TRY US POR YOUR NEYT APPLIANCE
YOU WILi FPIND 1% FASY ON YOUR POCKET § $ § y