VK7 Centenary Documents

QRM

1970sDocument1976QRM Vol 6

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NN
                                      ,
                                          »/
Bulletin issued by the Northern                \                  P.O. Box 1010
Branches of the Wireless Inatitute             '                  Launceston
of Australia, Tasmanian Division.                                 Tas. 7250


May 1976
Vol.6 No.2



Registered at GPO Hobart
for transmission by post                                         " Price 40¢
as a periodical. Category B.                                         1  2b i3




                North West Branch,    Lakins Hall,          Ulverstone. 8 p.m.

                Northern Branch, S.E.S. rooms Charles St. 8 p.m.

                          Y.R.C.S. MEETINGS
               . Kings Meadows High School.         10 a.m.


                Lakins Hall, Ulverstone.           2 p.m.


                          A.0.C.P.,   Classes

    3rd
    10th        Kings Meadows High School, block B, room 35
    17th        CW, 7.30 p.m.                                            o
    24th        Radio theory, 8 p.m.
    31lst



   1st & 2nd    Helvetia 22 contest
   8th & 9th    Bermuda, CW
   22nd & 23rd USSR DX contest
May 1976                            Q.R.M.                    Page 2

The rambling of an old timer.                by Max VK7MX

        Being incapacitated for a couple of weeks, due no doubt to
the physical exertion at the Port Sorell hamfest, I decided to put
to paper a few thoughts, to fill, firstly what would be otherwise
wasted time and secondly some of QRM's valuable space.
        Sometimes w~» look backwards at our various efforts to decide
whether some of our achievements have been worthwhile. So you kind
readers are privileged to share in my reminiscences.
         Around 1957 I was dobbed in as Secretary of the North West
Zone and since that time have occupied practically every office in
this Branch., So I fesl that I have qualified to make some observat-
ions on our Institute from personalities to administration.          '
        The amateurs are a great bunch of fellows (including the
opposite sex) and I have always found them ready to help when a
personal problem came up. This applies to other areas as well as
locally. This was very apparent when 1 visited New Zealand a few
years ago. I was feted, fed, accomodated and carted around the
country without even asking. Long and lasting friendships have
resulted. So much for the credit side.
        Now the main objective in writing this article is not to
blow my own trumpet but rather to establish a reference level
(db and all that) along with many others who have tried to do
their bit. How does your performance measure up with ours ?
        It is my considered opinion that the majority of amateurs
lose a great deal by non-participation in Institute affairs.
After all someone has to do it and I know from experience that as
time passes, one enjoys a great deal of satisfaction. You can not
get the full enjoyment out of a swimming pool by walking round
the edge, neither does one get full satisfaction out of an
organisation by standing on the outside looking in.
           SO HOW ABOUT BECOMING INVOLVED.
         Each and every one of us can contribute something no matter
how small., So for a start, how about attending meetings. When you
get used to that, try taking on a job. The more volunteers we have
the less the load for everyone and a greater co-operative spirit
will be evident.
        The easiest things to find in this world are excuses and
half the time they are not convincing anyway.
        If you want something done go to a busy man is an old
saying. How busy are you ?
          At the present time I have the following positions in our
Branch,   Secretary,   Treasurer,   Bulletin Correspondent,   Intruder
Watch co-ordinator and Observer Amateur Advisory Committee.            I am
popularly referred to around here as "The 0ld Fellow". This            is
probably true, but not too old to hand all the jobs to that            could
well be handled by young fellows. It wont last forever. The            wheel
of the wagon is nearly broken.
        Most A.G.Meetings seem to be the same with the perennial
question, where are we going to get our office bearers ? And when
only 5 full members turn up, the position is pretty desperate and
one tends to "Brown off"                           -     i
         I question where we are going. I have read considerable
references lately to future frequency allocations on a world wide
 basis and the picture does not inspire confidence., It will require
 a concerted effort, suppnorted by every amateur around the world
 May 1976                                   O.R.M.                     Page 3


NorthernNotes
              The 2pril meeting of the Northern Branch,            whilst attracting
 31    members and   3 visitors,      was    relatively quiet    and orderly and
 lasted only 5% minutes.
              Quite a bit of      information was distributed,       following     the
 meeting an auction of gear belonging to Roger Greenwood was
 conducted by John VK7JV, whe with his some what rovty toague
 managed to extract scme $108.00 from certain unsuspecting types.
 But some items were really worth having, in fact had your scribe
 been more financial he would have endevoured to bid for the VHF
 valve and socket that went to Malcolm VK7ZMM, anyway his efforts
 added $10.40 to the clubroom account.                                         '
              Two new members weroe welcomed,        L.R.Binns and L.B.Hillard,
 welcome,      and we hope you make a full call eventually.
         Gordon VK7GW made mention of W.I.C.E.N. and S.FE.S.. He
~stated that both organisations were voluntary and it was up to
 the individual members to decide if they wanted to belong to either
 and they should decide without any coercion.
              Ed VK7HE gave $865.00 as the approximate trading figure
 for the      last month,      Brian VK7ZBY stated    that 20 persons attended           ~
 the A,0.C.P. class at Kincs Meadows.
        Joe VK72GJ has received permission to put the 6 metre
beacon into service at 7EX Hill St.Leonards on 52.4 MHz, with the
call sign of VK7RNT, Hope the commercials on the same site don't
get Q.,R.M.*'d,
        Peter VK7PF reports that "The Department" is looking at
means to hold the Novice exams at other venues outside the Capital
cities. Mention was made of a VK7 - W call area contest. As the
QRM editor is involved in this I'1l1 leave it -to him to elaborate
else where in this or a future ORM,
        Some discussion took place regarding what members want in
the way of clubrooms, that is,if they want clubrooms. This months
ORM contains a questionare, which basically asks for your comments.
One of the hardest things to do is to guess what your thoughts
are on this subject. So please fill it in and return it, whether
you're for or agin it - please - your comments would be appreciated.
This     is not a witch hunt,       but an honest attempt to plan the future
of this Branch, based on WHAT YOU WANT. So support your executive
and put pen to paper, so that the least that can be done is to
ensure a regular meeting place without any strings attached.
              Finally,    Mike VK7ZWW is attempting to correlate a         list of
gear that can be used for WICEN purpose either by its owner or
any other member. WICEN has been needed in the past and is going.
to be needed in the future. When or where is only known by the
great "LICENSE ISSUER". So lets be ready so we are not caught with
our antennas down.                                  ,
            :                         73 see you May 14th
                                          at the S.E.S. rooms
                           2                                    Norman VK7NR
      cont,   from page
 to preserve our frejuencies,           the alternative is that our gear will
 become useless.         The world of commercial radio cares         little for our
 lot and would like what we have, We will need all the support that
 we can get and this must start at  BRANCH LEVEL , perhaps you are
 interested -- perhaps not. Future events will show.
                                                                     Max Ives VK7MX
May 1976                         Q.R.M.                     Page 4

Notes from_the NorthWe=t Branch.

        The Divisional Annual General meeting was held at the QTH
of Jim Davies, 55 James St.,Latrobe on April the third with a very
good attendance of som=2 40 odd members from all over the State.
           During the meeting a vote of   thanks was extended to Jim for
the use of his theateret in which he has a very fine collection of
old time and modern radio equipment and all in first class working
order, Jim will soon be another voice on air as he has sat or is in
the process of sitting for his Novice license. He is being very
ably assisted by his old friend Max VK7MX., We would all like to
wish Jim &ll the best with the exams and hope to hear you on air
soon,
        Following the meeting sixty two members and their partners
gathered at the Elimatta Hotel for the annual dinner which was a
roaring success. Incliuded in the party were, the president Reg
Emmett VK7KK from Launceston and his XYL Annette, the president of
the North West Branch, Tan Ellings VK7ZIE and his XYL Lyn, who
were both busy welcoming guests to the coast, and the president of
the Southern Branch Tom Allen VK7AL and his XYL Evelyn. Others
included Brian Lord VK7ZBL and XYL Betty from Wynyard, Norm
Richardson VK7NR and XYL, Ann and daughter Judy from Launceston.
        The success of the dinner can be judged by the on air
comments for days afterwards,    from those who attended,    expressing
their opinions of the good time they had and already looking
forward to the next one.
        A vote of thanks must go to the organisers to whom it
must be very pleasing to see it go off with such success. One
Wynyard member had such a good night he had to stay in Devonport
all night, he said he was just to tired to drive back to Wynyard,
but we have since heard the real reason,
                                              Lindsay Johnson

Notes of the North West Branch meeting held April 13th
        This was also very well attended with 20 members and
associates present, the president, Ian VK7ZIE, and the secretary
treasurer, Max VK7MX, were in the chairs, the meeting was a fairly
lengthy one, with some spirited discussions and several worthwhile
motions moved and passed, the dicisions were very close, with the
good attendance and lively discussions it shows that the interest
in the North West Branch is very keen. The meeting closed at 9.45 p.m,
        After the meeting a junk auction was held with Bob VK7ZJS
very ably being the auctioneer, I guess we all agree that Bob is a
natural at this job. Some very useful bits and pieces were sold
and the proceeds going to boost Branch funds. Following thé auction
there was to have been a slide show by Max VK7MX on New Zealand
scenes, but time did not permit, so supper was taken and the
evening closed at 11 p.m..
        Out of town members were heard on two metres,       on the way
home from the meeting, discussing next months meeting and the
proposed display by Gracme VK7ZAD who will hold a mobile clinie
with a frequency counter, so if your set is a bit off frequency
bring it along and Graeme will tune it up for vou.
        At the June meeting Winston VK7EM/T will give a talk after
the meeting,   but as yet we don't know what the subject will be,
                                                    Lindsay Johnson
                                      O.R.M.                          Page 5




             YLADIES PAGE
                             COOKERY AND METRICCONVERSION
                                CUP_AND LIQUID MEASURES
          If recipes are given in terms of cup measures,       conversion
    is greatly simplified. The standard 250 ml metric cup (and 1/2
    cup, 1/3 cup, 1/4 cup) are used in place of the standard 8 f1.
    0z, cup.
    CONVERSION OF LIQUID MEASURES, LIQUID
                                        & DRYINGREDIENT
                                                  CUPMEASURES
    Lig. meas.      Cup meas.     is replaced by   Cup meas.      Lig. meas.

    1 £f1. oz.                                                      30 ml
    2 fl. oz.        1/4 cup                        1/4 cup
                     1/3 cup                        1/3 cup
    3 £1 oz.                                                        100 ml
    4 £1 oz.         1/2 cup                        1/2 cup
    5 f£1 oz.
    1/4 pint                                                        150 ml
    1 gill
                     2/3 cup                        2/3 cup
    6 £1 oz.         3/4 cup                        3/4 cup
    8 £1 oz.         1 cup                          1 cup           250 ml
    10 f1 oz.        1% cu                          1L
    1/2 pint          4 cup                         ~4 CUPp
    12 £f1 oz.       1% cup                         1% cup
    14 £1 oz.        13 cup                         1% cup
    16 £1 o=,        2 cups                         2 cups          500 m1l
    iopfiitoz.        2% cups                        2% cups



Example                    ofrecipes.
                of theconversion               (original version)
                         Lemon Souffle
2 teaspoons finely grated lemon rind
% cup strained lemon juice
4 eggs       (seperated)
%    cup castor sugar
1 tablespoon  gelatine soaked in a % cup of water
1 cup of cream semi whipped
; cup finely chopped nuts
\




whipped cream and lemon segments for decoration
     Place grated rind, eggs yolks and sugar in the top of a
double saucepan, stir over boiling water until thick and creamy.
May 1976                                   Q.R.M.                                        Page 6

Cool,                                                    then fold
                Dissolve gelatine soaked in water over hot water,
it with the cream into the cooled custard mixture. Last  add  ‘the
stiffly beaten egg whites fold in until evenly combined.  Fasten   a
slip of greaseproof paper around a 7" souffle dish to form   a
collar about 1" above the edge. Pour the mixture into the prepared
dish and chill until set. Remove the collar and cover the sides
with nuts. Decorate with cream and if desired, segments of lemon.
A standard 8 fl oz cup and 20 ml tablespoon are used,

            Metric Version
         teaspoons finely grated lemon rind
A s QN




         metric cup strained lemon juice
         eggs    (seperated)
  metric cup castor sugar
  tablespoon gelatine soaked in ! mestric cup of water
  metric cup of cream semi whipped
TR




  metric cup finely chopped nuts
whipped cream and lemon segments for decoratiocn
     Place grated rind, egg yolks and sugar in the top of a
double saucepan, stir over boiling water until thick and creamy.
Cool, Dissolve gelatine soaked in water over hot water, then fold
it with the cream into the cooled custard mixture. Last add the
stiffly beaten egg whites fold in until evenly combined. Fasten a
slip of greaseproof paper around a 18 cm souffle dish to form a
collar about 2 to 3 cm above the edge. Pour the mixture into the
prepared dish and chill until set. Remove the collar and cover the
 sides with nuts.          Decorate with cream and if desired,                    segments of
 lemon.
A standard 250 ml cup and 20 ml tablespoon are used.
     Although most cooks are unlikely to change the practice of
a lifetime those learning cookery will be taught how to use the
standard metric measuring cups and spoons. Recipes published in
periodicals, magazines and newspapers are now in metric, Even
the old "Central Cookery Book'" which I should imagine is familiar                                 °
to a lot of people is now in the process of being reprinted
METRIC,
                                                                 Annette,          XYL VKT7KK
Ref. Cookery and Metric Conversion
            Metric conversion hoard,       cookery section committee.




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May 1976                             Q.R.M.                       Page 7


           ESVK7BGC
      byFrank
  HF_NOT
        The recipe as before, that just about covers band conditions
  for the past month. The interesting occurrence was the aurora
  borealis earlier in the month which, though nice to witness, was
  the signal    for    Bill VK7AK to join the switched on set. He had a
  ball, picture Bill trying to convince a rather sceptical Russian
  novice station that he was in contact with Tasmania on 10 metres.
        Whilst around Ten, reminds me of an article in last months
  B'cast Eng. News regarding those CB users in the USA, apparently
  the FCC 1s know to them as the Federal Candy Company, it's
  officers as thi Candymen and corrective notices are written off
  (mentally that is) as Candypaper, some of the other jargon is not
  worth printing. Perhaps the PA{f administration had the right idea
  after all,
        160 metres is receiving a bit of attention these days and
  some good DX is available most days as Col VK7LZ indicated with
  info in a recent broadcast. I have now a 300 £t  long wire raised
  and as coon as 2 tuner unit has been built, will join the fun
  with some CW through a new 6146B TX. John VK7JV thought the smoke
  signals from Legana where it being stoked up but it was really
  only the PSY hi.
           Den VK7DK has a really ¥FB RF      indicator,   it's quite
  portable but only works once, purchased in bulk they should be
  available for       less   than a dollar each,   Col wanted to have the
  first but Den was reluctant to let go hi.
        80 metres after sunset has produced very good DX as noise
  level drops and in the early mornings openings into Europe have
  not been unusual.
           40 metres    has been very similar this month to 80,         with one
  good opening into the N.E. Americas on the 13th at 1100%Z.
        20, 15 and 10 metres have been interesting with some very
  good DX openings and paths changing rapidly especially on 20,
  but on 15 and 10 the paths have appeared mostly to the North.
        The DX is about, if you happen to be listening at the
        time and when conditions settle into the next cycle just
  around the corner hi, with the increasing number of SSB stations
  around it will be rather chaotic using phone, but then there is
  always CWwW,
                                                             73 de VKTBC



        In lasit months issue of ORM we mentioned how good it was
  to hear that Pllis VK7WA is back on air again., In this issue I
  would like to mention Ken VK7Kii. I think he would be one of the
  most active on air members here in the North West Branch at the.
  moment.    He is one of the Vice Presidents,         activities officers and
  also takes his turn doing the 80 metre Sunday morning broadcast,
  He can be heard most evenings on HF talking to amateurs world wide,
  But he would be most active mobile on            2 metres FM,   using his   little
  Ken KP20Z with a 10 Watt amplifier. Going off hitting little white
  balls about, from Seabrook to Greens Beach, then off fishing in a
  dam at Beaconsficld or somewhere at Cressy and calling Max VK7MX
  to guide him in to where the big ones are, Anyway Ken good luck
  with your varied activities and you know where my QTH is when you
  have too many of those big ones.
    :                                         Lindsay Johnson
  May 1976                      Q.R.M.                     Page 8


    byJoeVK7ZGJ
  notes
VHF
        The only sign of activity on 6 metres occured late last
month when we experienced some auroral activity for approximately
15 minutes. Although no stations were worked, TV from most parts of
 VK and ZL was observed on channels      1,   2 and 0,
          At last the €& metre beacon has been licensed,   it will be
 installed and operating by the time you read this report,
 Operating frequency is 52.4 MHz, continuous carrier with 850 Hz
 FSK, power output is 25 Watts to & half wave dipole. Any reports
 will be appreciated.
       A 432,475 MHz beacon has also been approved for the North
 West coast, this will be in operation shortly.
          On Easter Monday a party of amateurs namely VK7's, JV. and
 XYL Joy,    KW and XYL Doreen and sons Steve and Mark, ZGJ, PD, and
 ZDA, proceeded to make their way to the summit of St.Valentines
 Peak located about 40 Km south of Burnie., One hour and thirty
 weary minutes later we were operational on 2 metres FM, antennas
 used were Y% wave whip and a 5 el yagi hand held. A large number
 of stations were worked on Ch B and the repeater. Notable contacts
 direct on ChB took place with VK7ZAH in Launceston, VK7ZBE/M in
 Perth,   we also worked Ian VK7ZIF portable in St.Helens,
       In all we spent 3 hours on top of the mountain braving the
 elements, a special thanks must go to the XYL's for providing
 hot soup and coffee to help stay away the cold., We arrived back
 in Launceston around 7.30 p.m. and we all agreed that it had
 been a most enjovable day.
                                          73 till next month   Joe


 That station may already be obsolete.

 Underwater communications    for   submarines,
       Marconl communications is to provide the Royal Navy with
 revolutionary underwater telephone and telegraph systems for
 ships and submarines. When these systems enter service the R.N.
 will boast, in terms of range and performance a vastly improved
 communications capability in this difficult but vital environment.
 Moreover, when used in conjunction with the latest integrated
 radio communications system, a complete communication facility
 from satellite to sonar is provided.
       The underwater telephone was developed by Marconi in
 co-operation with the Admiralty underwater weapons establishment.
 It provides much improved performance and range of acoustic
 speech transmission between surface ship and submarine.
       The underwater telegraph was developed at the same time,
 this equipment provides an optional facility for use with the
 underwater telephone, it offers low error rate telegraph
 transmission under poor propagation conditions and under dynamic
 operational conditions where doppler shift presents real problems
 in data transmission.
       The equipment employs telegraph error detecting techniques
 adapted for sonar propagation conditions.
       Used with the recently advertised IZBOX and PASSATEST cal-
 culators we can expect the next generation of amateurs to be
 signing /UW (underwater mobile)            de VKTBC
 May 1976                                    Q.R.M.                                        Page 9

 As mentioned at the April meeting the question of clubrooms
 requires your urgent consideration as to its future.
       Therefore it is requested by your Executive that you
 indicate vour feelings on this matter so that they can act
 in accordance with your wishes, keeping in mind that we already
 have over $2000 in the Clubroom account.
       Please indicate below,                 your preference on this matter
 by marking the appropriate square and returning it to any
 member of the executive by the May meeting or bring it along
" to the meeting.

       My feelings toward clubrooms are:

 1)    To establish permanent clubrooms for the Branch

 2)    To establish a permanent meeting place for the
       Branch.

- 3)   Any other suggestions,

       ® 2 % S 6P B P TS0 E @B   RS @B E S S S S e     s e   %S ST NL SRS        s eOE        s S Ee LD eSS



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       @ T O 6 SO E R P OE SR DA PP   ® eSS e e eSS NI             e e WSO S OSSO B        S R EE B S e   e e A




                                                              NorthernBranchFxecutive
 May 1976                        Q.R.M,                             Page 10

 FOR_SALE         FOR_SALE           FOR_SALE           FOR_SALE
 1674,   not converted,   low band and without xtals               $25.00
 Weston A.M.    low band tranceiver,        transistor power
 supply, not converted                                             $5.00
 Star 500 communication receiver 160 metres through
 to 6 metres, amateur bands only, A.M., SSB and C.W.$80.00
 UHF amplifier, 4CX250B, complete unit including,
 power supply, blower, antenna coaxial relays and
 completely enclosed. suitable for 432 MHz                         $300.00
 One only 60ft crank up tower                                      $45.00
 Contact Ross Broomhall,       27 Suncrest pl,        Ravenswood

 WANTED TO BUY                 WANTED TO BUY               WANTED TO BUY

 A command transmitter not necessarily operational
 state price and condition.
 Ross Broomhall,    27 Suncrest pl. Ravenswood            Phone 391515

                             khkkhkkkhkhkxkkhkhhkik




          §    WHEN USING A REPEATER ALWAYS LEAVE             ’

          i            A3 SECOND PAUSE
          i
          i      FOR POSSIBLE PRIORITY TRAFFIC
          f              OR OTHER USERS
          e




                You always said you would write an article
(TUIT           for O.R.M. when you got a ROUND TUIT.
\\h//           Well here it is, so how about you get TUIT.



 If you haven't paid your subscription to the Northern Branch
 you can rest easy,    this is your LAST ISSUE.
Mgy 1976                                  Q.R.M.                          Page   11
Transmission lines and Tmpedance matching. by Trevor VK7TB
      llow did you like our April article last month on, the
subject of overcoming the mismatch between Zo (transmission line)
and the    terminatior   impedance of an aerial,      using a series
resistor in conjunction            with the termination Z of the aerial?
        is   uld look something like a very high loss transwmission
line wit“ most of the radiation occurring at the termination and
not in the radiating aerial.
      Line propagation can only be practically transferred along
two or more cables which have a characteristic impedance Zo.
{single line propagation tends to act as an radiator - aerial ?)
         Zo 1is a function of cable sizes, diameters and permittivity
(dielectric constant) of the dielectric seperating the conductors
                           ;ogm(D>
e.qg. coaxial cable Zo = 138        X ’ of the permittivity of the
cable,




      For optimum power transfer under a mismatch condition we
need a device that will transform Z under wave propagation Zrom
one point to another.
      We are not matching Zo to a D.C. resistance, remember that
an aerial termination resistance at resonance is a fictitious
resistance known as radiation resistance, and maximum power will
be dissipated in that resistance, (radiation resistance is the
effective termination resistance of a resonant aerial).
IT MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AS D.C. RESISTANCE but its resultant
behaviour is the same, Aerial Power = IZ2R (R the radiation
resistance) THE RADIATION RESISTANCE CAN ONLY EXIST AS AN AERIAL
WHOLE, S0 YOUR I2R IS BEING EFFECTIVLY DISSTIPATED IN THE AERIAL.
         Minimum loss impedance matching can be achieved in many
ways,    discussed below are two methods.
                              »


           —                  —                        Zo to Z1   |—nv.          ]
           g             T                         { matching                    >
    Zs     :             Zo           k            |    device                   % 71
                                                   l
           (v __                     *WMWWML                      Im ey

         Maximum power is         transferred when Zs = Zo and transformed
to Z1.
May 1976                                     Q.R.M.                                      Page 12

1)    The quarter wave transformer.


                                                                                e




                                                                                                   NNV
     Z0




                                             impedance
                                        tranaformation
                            \\
2t = 276       1(‘)(?10—:&-“ §        Note
                                      The permittivity of the dielectric must be
Zt        V’kZo zZ1)
                            J         taken into consideration when a medium
                                      other than air is used. (e.g. solid dielec:=
                                      tric as in coaxial cable)

Example
Zo = B0 S                                                            et
71 = 600 v                       AU     ERs            T 2RT
Zt = 251 su                      Zo                     Zt                                Z1
                                      T/




                                                |
                                        next month             "The vertical aerial®
                                       de ek K gkokokok de ok ok kokokokok okokokok ok




        With the advent of stereo in cars the old problem of
     ignition interference rears its ugly head again, carbon
     leads do help but they should be replaced as fredquently
     as spark plugs and as people fail so do the carbon leads.
     Now it looks like the people in the land of Nippon have
     taken an interest in the problem and are marketing a
     spark plug with a built in suppressor. The one we came
     across was manufactured by NGK and the series resistance
     appears to be about 6K,
May 1976                                              Q.R.M.,                                                 Page 13
                            SEMICONDUCTOR CONNECTIONS


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Metal cased                       3N140                         MPF107                                   2N3819
                             Metal Case                         MPF109



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                                      _TANTALUM CAPACITORS
                                                         _
B3-12        B12-12         Colour                lst            2nd            Multiplier                   Working
2N5589         2N5590                           Digit       Digit                                        Voltage_
2N5591       MRF603         Black                  -              0                  X          1              10
MRF6083                     Brown                  1              1                  X         10              _
                            Red                    2              2                  X 100                     -
                        —   Orange                 3              3                            -               _
                            Yellow                 4              4                            _              6.3
                            Green                  5              5                            -               16
                            Blue                   6              6                            _               20
                            Violet                 7              7                            -              B
                            Grey                  8               8                  X0.01                    25
                            White                  9              9                        0
                            Pink                                                                                   [=
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